As a green, renewable and biodegradable material, cellulose-based materials have excellent biocompatibility and are a widely available resource. Their rough structures have an advantage for modification of surface wettability. In this paper, the authors reviewed concepts and modification principles of wettability, summarized technologies of controlling surface wettability in hydrophobicity, superhydrophobicity and hydrophilicity-hydrophobicity directions as well as focused on surface superhydrophobicity modification technology of cellulose-based materials.