故宫古华轩木构件材料性能劣化机制：化学组分与微观结构的协同作用

程丽婷; 段鸿莺; 杨志国; 陈媛; 王雨晨

doi:10.12326/j.2096-9694.2025134

“古建筑木材科研基地”专栏 | 浏览量 : 0 下载量: 11 CSCD: 0 CNKI被引量: 0 Crossref: 0 Wos: 0 Scopus: 0 更多指标

PDF
导出
分享
收藏
专辑

故宫古华轩木构件材料性能劣化机制：化学组分与微观结构的协同作用
Degradation Mechanism of Wooden Components from Guhuaxuan in the Palace Museum: Interactive Action between Chemical Composition and Microstructure
1.故宫博物院文保标准部，北京 100009
2.故宫博物院古建部，北京 100009
3.昆仑数智科技有限责任公司，北京 100007
4.中国林业科学研究院木材工业研究所，北京 100091
2026年40卷第2期页码：1-11
DOI： 10.12326/j.2096-9694.2025134
稿件说明：

移动端阅览

程丽婷,段鸿莺,杨志国等.故宫古华轩木构件材料性能劣化机制：化学组分与微观结构的协同作用[J].木材科学与技术,2026,40(02):1-11. DOI： 10.12326/j.2096-9694.2025134.

CHENG Liting,DUAN Hongying,YANG Zhiguo,et al.Degradation Mechanism of Wooden Components from Guhuaxuan in the Palace Museum: Interactive Action between Chemical Composition and Microstructure[J].Chinese Journal of Wood Science and Technology,2026,40(02):1-11. DOI： 10.12326/j.2096-9694.2025134.

摘要

古建筑木构件材料性能与其化学组分和微观结构的动态演变密切相关。为探究材料性能劣化机理，以故宫古华轩檐檩硬木松（

Pinus

spp.）木构件为研究对象，通过傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）、X射线衍射（XRD）及扫描电镜（SEM）等多尺度表征手段，系统分析纤维素、半纤维素及木质素的降解特征，探究其与木构件密度、弹性模量（

）等宏观性能的关联性，并揭示檐檩沿距离墙体位置梯度（近柱端、中端、近墙端）的劣化差异规律。结果表明：该檐檩无太阳光直射且整体通风较好，但其材性劣化仍呈现显著的位置差异，中端（D）劣化程度高于近墙端（G）和近柱端（A），纤维素与半纤维素在近墙端降解明显；α-纤维素对材性影响最显著（与弹性模量相关系数

=0.91，

²=0.83），纤维素结晶度下降导致密度与弹性模量协同劣化；局部微环境是驱动不同位置木构件劣化差异的核心因素。研究揭示无直射光照、良好通风环境下硬木松构件劣化过程中化学组分演化与微观结构损伤的协同作用机制，并基于纤维素结晶度及化学组分降解特征构建可量化的古建筑木构件劣化评估框架，为同类文物建筑的科学修复与保护提供支撑。

Abstract

The mechanical properties of wooden components from ancient buildings are closely related to the dynamic evolution of their chemical components and microstructure. To investigate the deterioration mechanism of material properties

this study took the eave purlin of Guhuaxuan in the Palace Museum as the research object. Multi-scale characterization methods

including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)

X-ray diffraction (XRD)

and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)

were used to analyze the degradation characteristics of cellulose

hemicellulose

and lignin. The correlations between these components and mechanical properties such as density and modulus of elasticity (

) were explored

and the gradient deterioration patterns along the eave purlin at different positions relative to the wall (near column

mid-span

and near wall) were analyzed. The results showed that although the eave purlin was free from direct sunlight and generally well-ventilated

its mechanical deterioration still exhibited significant positional differences: the deterioration degree at the mid-span (D) was slightly higher than that at the near-wall end (G)

and the near-column end (A) showed the slightest deterioration. Cellulose and hemicellulose degrade significantly at the near-wall end. α-cellulose had the most significant effect on the mech

anical properties

with a correlation coefficient of

=0.91 (

²=0.83) for

and the decrease in its crystallinity directly led to the deterioration of density and

. The local microenvironment was found to be the core factor driving the differential deterioration of wooden components at different positions. This study revealed the interactive actions between chemical component degradation and microstructure evolution during the deterioration of wooden components under conditions free of direct sunlight and with good ventilation

providing a quantitative evaluation framework for the restoration of ancient architectural wood components based on cellulose crystallinity and chemical degradation.

关键词

Keywords

references

QIN S J , YANG N . Strength degradation and service life prediction of timber in ancient Tibetan building [J ] . Eur J Wood Wood Prod , 2017 , 76 ( 2 ): 731 - 747 .

葛明裕 . 木材加工化学 [M ] . 哈尔滨 : 东北林业大学出版社 , 1985 : 1 - 3 .

米晓琛 . 应县木塔损伤分析及材性微观劣化与保护研究 [D ] . 山西 : 太原理工大学 , 2021 .

张利朋 , 谢启芳 , 吴亚杰 , 等 . 木材本构模型研究进展 [J ] . 建筑结构学报 , 2023 , 44 ( 5 ): 286 - 304 .

ZHANG L P , XIE Q F , WU Y J , et al . Research progress on constitutive model for wood [J ] . Journal of Building Structures , 2023 , 44 ( 5 ): 286 - 304 .

GUO J , ZHOU H B , STEVANIC J S , et al . Effects of aging on the cell wall and its hygroscopicity of wood in ancient timber construction [J ] . Wood Science and Technology , 2018 , 52 ( 1 ): 131 - 147 .

GUO J , CHEN J B , MENG Q L , et al . Molecular and crystal structures of cellulose in severely deteriorated archaeological wood [J ] . Cellulose , 2022 , 29 : 9549 - 9568 .

刘文斌 . 故宫古建筑木构件化学成分及抗弯强度的变化与腐朽的相关性研究 [D ] . 北京 : 北京林业大学 , 2006 .

王传贵 , 江泽慧 , 费本华 , 等 . 化学成分对木材细胞壁纵向弹性模量和硬度的影响 [J ] . 北京林业大学学报 , 2012 , 34 ( 3 ): 107 - 110 .

WANG C G , JIANG Z H , FEI B H , et al . Effects of chemical components on longitudinal MOE and hardness of wood cell wall [J ] . Journal of Beijing Forestry University , 2012 , 34 ( 3 ): 107 - 110 .

李雄 , 符小慧 , 张文博 , 等 . 故宫长春宫木构件材质劣化研究 [J ] . 文物保护与考古科学 , 2019 , 31 ( 1 ): 58 - 64 .

LI X , FU X H , ZHANG W B , et al . Study of the degradation of wood structural components of the Changchun Palace [J ] . Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology , 2019 , 31 ( 1 ): 58 - 64 .

WANG X Z , DENG Y H , WANG S Q , et al . Evaluation of the effects of compression combined with heat treatment by nanoindentation (NI) of poplar cell walls [J ] . Holzforschung , 2014 , 68 ( 2 ): 167 - 173 .

HAN L Y , WANG K , WANG W B , et al . Nanomechanical and topochemical changes in elm wood from ancient timber constructions in relation to natural aging [J ] . Materials , 2019 , 12 ( 5 ). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12050786 https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12050786 .

GB/T 29894—2013 木材鉴别方法通则 [S ] .

GB/T 2677.8—1994 造纸原料酸不溶木素含量的测定 [S ] .

GB/T 2677.10—1995 造纸原料综纤维素含量测定 [S ] .

GB/T 744—2004 纸浆抗碱性的测定 [S ] .

SEGAL L , CREELY J J , MARTIN A E , et al . An empirical method for estimating the degree of crystallinity of native cellulose using the X-ray diffractometer [J ] . Textile Research Journal , 1959 , 29 ( 10 ): 786 - 794 .

李仁 , 殷亚方 , 焦立超 , 等 . 重度降解沉船考古木材的树种识别与细胞壁化学组分研究 [J ] . 林产化学与工业 , 2025 , 45 ( 4 ): 35 - 44 .

LI R , YIN Y F , JIAO L C , et al . Wood species identification and cell wall chemical composition of severely degraded archaeological wood from ancient shipwreck [J ] . Chemistry and Industry of Forest Product , 2025 , 45 ( 4 ): 35 - 44 .

PANDEY K K . Study of the effect of photo-irradiation on the surface chemistry of wood [J ] . Polymer Degradation and Stability , 2005 , 90 ( 1 ): 9 - 20 .

BERTHOMIEU C , HIENERWADEL R . Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy [J ] . Photosynthesis Research , 2009 , 101 ( 2/3 ): 157 - 170 .

方旋 , 张景朋 , 熊怡心 , 等 . 自然老化杉木梁的分区可处理性 [J ] . 北京林业大学学报 , 2024 , 46 ( 11 ): 124 - 132 .

FANG X , ZHANG J P , XIONG Y X , et al . Sub-regional treatability of a naturally aging Chinese fir beam [J ] . Journal of Beijing Forestry University , 2024 , 46 ( 11 ): 124 - 132 .

董少华 , 王翀 , 相建凯 , 等 . 基于FTIR-ATR法的户县公输堂小木作木材化学组成和结构变化研究 [J ] . 红外 , 2020 , 41 ( 7 ): 30 - 38 .

DONG S H , WANG C , XIANG J K , et al . Research on changes of chemical composition and structure of the minor carpentry work in Gongshu Hall of Hu County based on FTIR-ATR [J ] . Infrared , 2020 , 41 ( 7 ): 30 - 38 .

ROMAGNOLI M , GALOTTA G , ANTONELLI F , et al . Micro-morphological, physical and thermogravimetric analyses of waterlogged archaeological wood from the prehistoric village of Gran Carro (Lake Bolsena-Italy) [J ] . Journal of Cultural Heritage , 2018 , 33 : 30 - 38 .

李世民 , 王梦丹 , 黄斌 , 等 . 建水指林寺大殿木构件材种鉴定及配置研究 [J ] . 文物保护与考古科学 , 2020 , 32 ( 3 ): 91 - 98 .

LI S M , WANG M D , HUANG B , et al . Identification of species and investigation of allocation of wood components in the hall of Zhilin Temple in Jianshui County [J ] . Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology , 2020 , 32 ( 3 ): 91 - 98 .

袁诚 , 翟胜丞 , 章一蒙 , 等 . 红外光谱结合热重法对考古木材降解状况的分析 [J ] . 光谱学与光谱分析 , 2020 , 40 ( 9 ): 2943 - 2950 .

YUAN C , ZHAI S C , ZHANG Y M , et al . Simple evaluation of the degradation state of archaeological wood based on the infrared spectroscopy combined with thermogravimetry [J ] . Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis , 2020 , 40 ( 9 ): 2943 - 2950 .