基于五轴联动加工的木质汽车外观模型一体化成型技术研究

张浩; 张瑞华; 姚华平

doi:10.12326/j.2096-9694.2026003

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基于五轴联动加工的木质汽车外观模型一体化成型技术研究
Integrated Forming Technology for Manufacturing Wooden Automotive Exterior Models Based on Five-Axis Linkage Machining
1.仲恺农业工程学院机电工程学院，广东广州 510225
2.东莞市新法拉数控设备有限公司，广东东莞 523170
2026年40卷第3期页码：76-85
DOI： 10.12326/j.2096-9694.2026003
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张浩,张瑞华,姚华平.基于五轴联动加工的木质汽车外观模型一体化成型技术研究[J].木材科学与技术,2026,40(03):76-85. DOI： 10.12326/j.2096-9694.2026003.

ZHANG Hao,ZHANG Ruihua,YAO Huaping.Integrated Forming Technology for Manufacturing Wooden Automotive Exterior Models Based on Five-Axis Linkage Machining[J].Chinese Journal of Wood Science and Technology,2026,40(03):76-85. DOI： 10.12326/j.2096-9694.2026003.

摘要

针对汽车设计验证环节对物理原型高效、低成本、环保的迫切需求，提出一种基于五轴联动数控加工技术的木质汽车外观模型一体化成型方法。以高密度纤维板（high-density fiberboard，HDF）为基材，通过优化刀轴矢量控制与刀路策略，构建适配HDF特性的数字化工艺链；提出基于HDF材料性能的“材料-工艺-加工”耦合调控体系，实现复杂曲面汽车外观模型的一体化加工，有效解决木质材料复杂曲面加工精度难控、表面质量差的瓶颈。从应用与可持续发展层面来看，加工周期短（仅2 700 min），较油泥模型缩短60%以上；综合成本仅为油泥模型的1/3、3D打印树脂模型的2/5；30天静置整车轮廓关键线性尺寸变化量≤0.3 mm，尺寸稳定性优异；可重复性强的刚性原型解决方案，适用于设计中期多方案快速迭代与批量验证需求、空气动力学初步评估及高端展示样机制作。作为一种可回收的木质材料，HDF的应用推动原型制造从油泥等消耗性材料，向可数字化全流程追溯、环境友好的可持续模式转变，为木材科学与汽车工程交叉领域的智能制造技术融合提供实践参考。

Abstract

This study presented an integrated molding approach for wooden automotive models using five-axis simultaneous CNC machining

in response to the pressing demand for physical prototypes that are efficient

economical

and environmentally sustainable in design validation. High-density fiberboard (HDF) was employed as the substrate

and a full digital process chain was established by optimizing tool-axis vector control and tool-path strategies to accommodate the specific characteristics of HDF. Furthermore

a“material-process-machining”synergistic control system was proposed

grounded in the performance attributes of HDF

enabling the integrated high‑precision fabrication of complex‑curved automotive body surfaces. This approach effectively could resolve the long‑standing bottlenecks of poor accuracy and inadequate surface quality in machining wood‑based materials with intricate geometries. Application and sustainability assessments revealed that the machining cycle was set at only 2 700 minutes

resulting in a reduction of over 60% compared with traditional clay modeling. The total cost could be reduced to one‑third that of clay models and two‑fifth that of resin‑based 3D‑printed counterparts. The change in key linear dimensions of the vehicle contour after 30 days of static placement was not larger than 0.3 mm

demonstrating outstanding dimensional stability. This rigid prototype solution offered high repeatability and was well suited for rapid multi‑scheme iteration during mid‑stage design

batch validation

preliminary aerodynamic evaluation

and high‑end display mock‑up production. Notably

as a recyclable wood-based material

HDF could facilitate a paradigm shift in prototype manufacturing-from consumable materials like clay toward a digitally traceable

full-process

and environmentally responsible production chain. This work provided a practical reference for the integration of intelligent manufacturing technologies at the intersection of wood science and automotive engineering.

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